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Browse all science resourcesInterpret balanced equations as mole-ratio maps. Students distinguish particle and mole ratios from mass ratios and use coefficients to make quantitative predictions.
Calculate reacting masses by converting mass to moles, applying a balanced-equation ratio and converting back to mass.
Combine gas-volume and solution-concentration data with stoichiometric ratios to calculate unknown reacting quantities.
Identify limiting and excess reactants by comparing available amounts with the balanced-equation ratio.
Calculate theoretical yield from the limiting reactant using mixed forms of quantitative data.
Compare experimental and theoretical yields and calculate percentage yield. Students explain practical losses and investigate values above 100 percent.
Calculate atom economy and compare reaction routes. Students distinguish atom economy from percentage yield and evaluate inherent chemical waste.
Combine enthalpy, entropy and temperature through the Gibbs energy equation. Students calculate energy changes with consistent units and explain how the terms determine thermodynamic favourability.
Use Gibbs energy to investigate how thermodynamic favourability changes with temperature. Students interpret graphs, compare sign combinations and calculate threshold temperatures.
Distinguish standard Gibbs energy from Gibbs energy under current conditions. Students connect reaction quotient, equilibrium constant and energy changes to predict direction and interpret equilibrium.
